This study explores the degradation of construction materials used in Oraby Tabia (OT) buildings through a series of chemical, physical, mechanical, and microbial analyses. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed surface deterioration attributed to environmental factors. Chemical characteristics were assessed via X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Physical testing demonstrated that bricks had lower compressive strength than standard requirements. Microbial analysis identified fungal and bacterial growth contributing to material decay. The study proposes evidence-based recommendations for material selection and preservation strategies to enhance durability of construction in similar environmental conditions.